(12) In some NENA languages the fresh preterite from Class II verbs keeps a vocalism (m)CoCiC- or (m)CuCiC- with no predecessor in the previous languages. sitios de citas sin gluten gratis Noldeke (1868, 213) ideal that modern form is actually connected with the fresh new Hebrew pual. Examples: Aradhin mbusille ‘he cooked’ (Krotkoff 1982, 136), Tkhuma mso:re:li ‘I began’, Jilu +poltele ‘he took it out’ (Fox 1992, 54). Variations with o or you is actually absent additional NENA and just have in lots of of NENA dialects: Hertevin, Sanandaj Christian, and you may Halabja: Halabja bqirraxun ‘you (pl.) asked’, Hertevin bqerre ‘he asked’ (Jastrow 1988, 206).

(13) The overall present is noted from the good prefix in all NENA except Hertevin and also in Mandaic and in Turoyo. The brand new prefix requires one of around three forms: (a) k- towards the all of the verbs (state-of-the-art to c- into the Urmi, prolonged in order to ko- just before consonants within the Turoyo, as well as in Zakho as grams- just before a spoken phoneme); (b) k- however, just on the a limited family of verbs (with a few voicing absorption and often most other change as well); or (c) i- with the most of the verbs.

Examples: (a) Zakho k-xaze ‘he sees’, g-emir ‘he says’ (Meehan and you may Alon 1979, 182), Urmi csader ‘he sends’ (Hetzron 1969, 115), Turoyo kohoze ‘he sees’, Tisqopa ksaqIl ‘he takes’ (Rubba, personal communication); (b) Halabja k-ImrIx-wa ‘we perform say’, but doqIx-wa-le ‘we do observe it’, Azerbaijan k-xil ‘he consumes, have a tendency to eat’, but sate ‘he beverages, usually, may drink’ (Garbell 1965, 66, 67); (c) Aradhin we-zare:los angeles ‘he tills it’ (Krotkoff 1982, 70), Jilu i-napli baro ‘they chase her’ (Fox 1992, 55).

The fresh new k- prefix seems to be a survival of prefix qa- out-of BT, such as brand new ubiquitous qatane ‘he teaches’. elizabeth ‘stands’. In a few east languages the fresh new distribution off k- has-been simply for a tiny family of verbs (Garbell 1965, 65). In other people, it has disappeared and you can become replaced from the a different sort of prefix we-, hence probably started due to the fact a lower life expectancy version of we[Theta] ‘there is’.

Examples: Halabja geznawa ta knista ‘I would go to this new synagogue’, Aradhin tla t-sapri ‘to wait’, Jilu zIlli l-yawa zuze tla weil kIcca ‘I went to offer currency in order to an effective girl’, Tisqopa [Theta]e:li ta di-mbaslan ‘I (fem

(14) The latest verb ‘give’ was yehav during the BT, and you can yav in the Syriac. This has been remade in most NENA dialects from incorporation of your own after the l- ‘to’. Brand new imperative, which was hav in Syriac and you will BT, try hal (Noldeke 1868, 256) in all NENA by which I have advice, however during the Turoyo or Mandaic.

(15) In every NENA, the one crucial from qyama ‘get up’ has lost their latest m: Aradhin qu (Krotkoff 1982, 145), Sanandaj Christian qu (Panoussi, 110). The latest plural, yet not, retains the new m.

(16) In most NENA, the crucial of (i)zala ‘go’ was unusual: Aradhin quand (Krotkoff 1982, 147), Sanandaj Religious say (Panoussi 119), Jilu se, Jewish Azerbaijani lorsque (Garbell 1965, 285).

(17) All over NENA, a number of different terminology are utilized once the base to own reflexive pronouns such as for instance ‘myself’. He could be: ruh- inside the Hertevin plus Turoyo, nos- in the around three easternmost Jewish languages, and gyan- throughout the left dialects: Hertevin ruhan ‘ourselves’ (Jastrow 1988, 197), Zakho qtala gyane ‘beating himself’ (Meehan and you may Alon 1982, 181), Halabja nosan ‘ourselves’.

Which qa- are in itself an excellent contraction out-of qa?

(18) An alternate preposition meaning ‘to’ otherwise ‘for’ which will take the design ta, tla, otherwise tla try prevalent, whether or not not universal, from inside the NENA, yet not utilized in Mandaic otherwise Turoyo. ) involved cook’ (Rubba, private correspondence), Zakho cuxa la psIxle darga tale ‘no that open the doorway to him’ (Meehan and you may Alon 1979, 182).